Effect of Salt Forms of Chitosan on In Vitro Permeability Enhancement in Intestinal Epithelial Cells (Caco-2)

Purpose: To investigate the effect of chitosan (CS) salt forms and pH condition on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayer for enhanced permeability. Methods: Solutions (2 %w/v) of four different salt forms of CS-aspartate (CS-A), CS-ethylene diamine tetraacetate (CS-EDTA), CS-hydroxybenzotriazole (CS-HOBt) and CS-thiamine pyrophosphate (CS-TPP) - were prepared and tested on TEER using fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4,400 (FD-4) as the permeant across Caco-2 cell monolayer in both pH 6.2 and 7.4 (physiological pH) environment. Results: The results show that CS-salt solutions, at pH of 6.2, increased cell permeability in a dose-dependent manner and caused relatively reversible effects only at low doses of 0.001 - 0.010 %w/v. At CS-salt solution concentration of 0.01 %w/v, accumulation of FD-4 in the acceptor compartment was in the rank order: CS-EDTA > CS-TPP > CS-A > CS-HOBt. All CS-salt solutions significantly (p < 0.05) increased the transport of FD-4. On the other hand, at pH 7.4, only CS-EDTA at a concentration of 0.5 %w/v enhanced the transport of FD-4. CS-EDTA was also the most toxic CS salt. Conclusion: The salt forms of CS are capable of enhancing the transport of FD-4 across Caco-2 cell monolayer, with CS-EDTA the most promising of them.