Determination of amphetamines, opioids, cocaine metabolites and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine using biocompatible solid-phase microextraction and ultra-performance LC–MS/MS

Workplace drug testing primarily relies on urine analysis, targeting multiple compounds with varying physicochemical characteristics. Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (BioSPME) is a miniaturized solid-phase extraction technique that enables the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes directly from the biological matrix. The BioSPME procedure consisted of the sequential extraction of 50-μl urine samples using LC Tips C18 in basic and acidic pH, followed by desorption with methanol and -hexane, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by ultra-performance LC–MS/MS. Intra-day precision was 1.2–8.6% and inter-day precision was 1.8–14.2%. Accuracy was 96.8–107.4%. The extraction yields were 62.8–109.4%. The matrix effects were -3.98% to 1%. BioSPME shows promise as an alternative method for preparing urine samples prior to drug measurement by ultra-performance LC–MS/MS.