Research progress on the molecular mechanisms of Saikosaponin D in various diseases (Review)

Bupleurum, a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb, is widely used in China and other Asian countries to manage chronic liver inflammation and viral hepatitis. Saikosaponin D (SSD), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from Bupleurum, exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‑apoptotic, anti‑fibrotic and anti‑cancer effects, making it a therapeutic candidate for numerous diseases. Clarifying the targets and molecular mechanisms underlying TCM compounds is essential for scientifically validating TCM's therapeutic roles in disease prevention and treatment, as well as for identifying novel therapeutic targets and lead compounds. This analysis comprehensively examines SSD's mechanisms across various conditions, such as myocardial injury, pulmonary diseases, hepatic disorders, renal pathologies, neurological disorders, diabetes and cancer. In addition, challenges and potential solutions encountered in SSD research are addressed. SSD is posited as a promising monomer for multifaceted therapeutic applications and this article aims to enhance researchers' understanding of the current landscape of SSD studies, offering strategic insights to guide future investigations.