Imprints of Gravitational Millilensing on the Light Curve of Gamma-Ray Bursts

In this work, we search for signatures of gravitational millilensing in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in which the source−lens−observer geometry produces two images that manifest in the GRB light curve as superimposed peaks with identical temporal variability (or echoes), separated by the time delay between the two images. According to the sensitivity of our detection method, we consider millilensing events due to point-mass lenses in the range of 10 5 − 10 7 M ⊙ at lens redshift about half that of the GRB, with a time delay on the order of 10 s. Current GRB observatories are capable of resolving and constraining this lensing scenario if the above conditions are met. We investigated the Fermi/GBM GRB archive from the year 2008 to 2020 using the autocorrelation technique and found one millilensed GRB candidate out of 2137 GRBs searched, which we use to estimate the optical depth of millilensed GRBs by performing a Monte Carlo simulation to find the efficiency of our detection method. Considering a point-mass model for the gravitational lens, where the lens is a supermassive black hole, we show that the density parameter of black holes (Ω BH ) with mass ≈ 10 6 M ⊙ is about 0.007 ± 0.004. Our result is one order of magnitude larger compared to previous work in the lower mass range of 10 2 − 10 3 M ⊙ , which gave a density parameter Ω BH ≈ 5 × 10 −4 , and recent work in the mass range of 10 2 − 10 7 M ⊙ , which reported Ω BH ≈ 4.6 × 10 −4 . The mass fraction of black holes in this mass range to the total mass of the universe would be f = Ω BH /Ω M ≈ 0.027 ± 0.016.