Efficient Production of Sound Waves by AGN Jets in the Intracluster Medium

We investigate the interaction between active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets and the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters. Specifically, we study the efficiency with which jets can drive sound waves into the ICM. Previous works focused on this issue model the jet-ICM interaction as a spherically symmetric explosion, finding that 12.5% of the blast energy is converted into sound waves, even for instantaneous energy injection. We develop a method for measuring sound wave energy in hydrodynamic simulations and measure the efficiency of sound wave driving by supersonic jets in a model ICM. Our axisymmetric fiducial simulations convert 25% of the jet energy into strong, long-wavelength sound waves that can propagate to large distances. Vigorous instabilities driven by the jet-ICM interaction generate small-scale sound waves that constructively interfere, forming powerful large-scale waves. By scanning a parameter space of opening angles, velocities, and densities, we study how our results depend on jet properties. High-velocity, wide-angle jets produce sound waves most efficiently, yet the acoustic efficiency never exceeds 1/3 of the jet energy-an indication that equipartition may limit the nonlinear energy conversion process. Our work argues that sound waves may compose a significant fraction of the energy budget in cluster AGN feedback and underscores the importance of properly treating compressive wave dissipation in the weakly collisional, magnetized ICM.