Biological Markers of Subchondral Bone Metabolism and Immune Inflammatory Factors in Early Stages of Primary Osteoarthritis (Review)

The heterogeneity of osteoarthritis pathogenesis is determined by combinations of various parameters indicating the degree of joint degradation at the early stages of the disease. Subchondral bone metabolism markers in body fluids can indicate pathological degenerative processes in the articular tissue. The role of inflammatory factors in the development of articular damage in osteoarthritis is widely discussed in modern literature. In this regard, the purpose of the review was to analyse the data of Russian and foreign scientific literature on the pathogenetic role of subchondral remodelling and immune inflammation factors in early manifestations of primary osteoarthritis in larger joints. The scientific studies of 2015–2022 were retrieved from Medline, PubMed, Free Medical Journals, еLIBRARY, PubMed Central archives, as well as using Google and SpringerLink platforms, and Elsevier. The following keywords were searched for both in Russian and in English: primary osteoarthritis, early stages, subchondral remodelling, bone resorption markers, bone tissue formation markers, cytokines, interleukins, chemokines, anabolic growth factors, RANKL. The analysis revealed that bone resorption and formation markers, representing the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, a number of interleukins, chemokines, and anabolic growth factors can be involved in the pathogenesis of early manifestations of primary osteoarthritis in larger joints. The literature review suggests that subchondral bone remodelling is important in the pathogenesis of incipient osteoarthritis, whose main metabolic aspects can be objectified through biochemical markers identified in body fluids and joint tissues.