Experimental and numerical approaches for optimizing conjunction area design to enhance switching efficiency in single-nozzle multi-ink bioprinting systems

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a promising technology in the field of tissue engineering. Notably, the advancement of multi-ink printing technology is crucial for further progress in 3D bioprinting. In this study, we developed a single-nozzle system with multiple inlets for multi-ink bioprinting that achieves high switching efficiency through a combination of numerical and experimental approaches. This single-nozzle system demonstrates the potential for higher-resolution printing and quicker ink switching compared with multi-nozzle printing systems. In general, inks used in bioprinting have low viscosity (