Fear, helplessness, and horror-if it does not stop: reflections on the evolving concept of impact of trauma

Wars, but also events such as armed robbery, rape, accidents, and natural disasters, can confront an individual with danger to life, injury to oneself or another person, or in the worst case death. There are important notions about resilience, what drives resilience? * We revisit questions that drove the post war period of the First World War about stigma, moral weakness, or injury, and the discrimination of PTSD with "visible" disorders such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). * The PTSD of today is a grimsy disorder, does not have a clear incubation time, and varies in its presentation in relation to the time of onset after exposure. * It is a disorder that for diagnosis is purely based on self-disclosure, self-observation. Biological and clinical framework for posttraumatic stress disorder.