APPROACHES, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT APPLIED IN NANO BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

The developments in the field of nanotechnology have facilitated new advances in almost every field out of which some are successfullybeen adopted and promoted whereas some are in the laboratory phase only. Due to their modifiable physical, chemical, and surface properties, nanoparticles/materials have attracted bulbous attention. To serve the demands of the ever-increasing population, rapid industrialization, and urbanization, the use of agrochemicals is being practiced globally which is increasing the contamination in the environment and affecting plants, animals, humans, and microorganisms. Researchers and environmentalists over the globe are working towards eco-friendly and cost-effective routes to eradicate contaminants from the environment. One such method is nano bioremediation wherein biologically synthesized nanoparticles/materials are employed for remediating the contaminants and this method has shown very encouraging outcomes. Along with the positive outcomes, nano bioremediation also brings in apprehensions about the impending effects of nanoparticles/materials on the environment through their life span. A life cycle assessment study is an inclusive instrument for studying the health and environmental impacts of practice, product or material all through its whole lifespan. Life cycle assessment on nanomaterials particles employed for bioremediation is performed with some modifications in principles in order to make them applicable to extraordinary characteristics of nanoscale dimensions.