Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Microminerals

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) of 8 microminerals (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium and molybdenum) were determined for Japanese. The estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for adults ages 18 y and older were determined in seven microminerals other than for manganese. Due to lack of data with which to set the EAR for manganese, determination of the adequate intake (AI) of manganese was based on the average manganese intake of the Japanese population. Data with which to determine the EARs were obtained using the following methods: iron and zinc, use of a factorial modeling method; copper and selenium, determination of the relationship between biomarkers and intake; iodine, determination of thyroid iodine accumulation and turnover; and chromium and molybdenum, performance of a balance test. The EARs and RDAs of iron, zinc, copper, iodine and selenium for children and adolescents aged 1 to 17 y were also determined. Based on the average micromineral concentration in the milk of Japanese women and the average intake of breast milk in Japanese infants, the AI for infants was determined for 8 microminerals. The tolerable upper intake level (ULs) of adults were determined for all microminerals except chromium, for which there are insufficient data. The ULs for iron, iodine and selenium for children and adolescents were also determined.