Safety Evaluation of a 405-nm LED Device for Direct Antimicrobial Treatment of the Murine Brain

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in human medicine that extends to biomedical research. Compared with chemical-based therapies, light-based therapies present an alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals and are less vulnerable to acquired bacterial resistance. Due to immunologic privilege and relative tissue sensitivity to topical antibiotics, the brain poses a unique set of difficulties with regard to antimicrobial therapy. This study focused on 405-nm 'true violet' light-which has been shown to kill multiple clinically relevant bacterial species in vitro yet leave mammalian cells unscathed-and its effect on the murine brain. We built a 405-nm LED array, validated its power and efficacy against a clinical bacterial isolate in vitro, and then, at the time of craniotomy, treated mice with various doses of 405-nm light (36, 45, and 54 J/cm2). The selected doses caused no behavioral derangements postoperatively or any observable brain pathology as determined postmortem by histologic evaluation and immunofluorescence staining for caspase 3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, markers of apoptosis and necrosis. True-violet light devices may present an inexpensive refinement to current practices for maintaining open craniotomy sites or reducing bacterial loads in contaminated surgical sites.