The Added Value of 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer of Unknown Primary with 18 F-FDG-Negative Findings

F-FDG PET/CT plays an important role in locating the primary tumor for patients with head and neck cancer of unknown primary (HNCUP). Nevertheless, in some cases it can be challenging to locate the primary malignancy on F-FDG PET/CT scans. Because Ga-radiolabeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT has promising results in detecting different tumor entities, our study aimed to evaluate the performance of Ga-FAPI PET/CT for detecting the primary tumor in HNCUP patients with negative F-FDG findings. Eighteen patients (16 men and 2 women; median age, 55 y; age range, 24-72 y) with negative F-FDG findings were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent F-FDG and Ga-FAPI PET/CT within 1 wk. Biopsy and histopathologic examinations were performed in the sites with positive Ga-FAPI PET/CT findings. Ga-FAPI PET/CT detected the primary tumor in 7 of 18 patients (38.89%). Among these 7 patients, primary tumor sites included the nasopharynx ( = 1), palatine tonsil ( = 2), submandibular gland ( = 2), and hypopharynx ( = 2). The primary tumors showed moderate to intensive uptake of Ga-FAPI (mean SUV , 8.79; range, 2.60-16.50) and excellent tumor-to-contralateral normal-tissue ratio (mean SUV ratio, 4.50; range, 2.17-8.21). In lesion-based analysis, 65 lymph nodes and 17 bone metastatic lesions were identified. The mean SUV of lymph node metastases was 9.05 ± 5.29 for F-FDG and 9.08 ± 4.69 for Ga-FAPI ( = 0.975); the mean SUV of bone metastases was 8.11 ± 3.00 for F-FDG and 6.96 ± 5.87 for Ga-FAPI ( = 0.478). The mean tumor-to-background ratios of lymph node and bone metastases were 10.65 ± 6.59 versus 12.80 ± 8.11 ( = 0.100) and 9.08 ± 3.35 versus 9.14 ± 8.40 ( = 0.976), respectively. We present the first evidence, to our knowledge, of a diagnostic role of Ga-FAPI PET/CT in HNCUP. Our study demonstrated that Ga-FAPI PET/CT has the potential to improve the detection rate of primary tumor in HNCUP patients with negative F-FDG findings. Moreover, Ga-FAPI had a performance in assessing metastases similar to that of F-FDG.