Unraveling the Complexity of Seizures and Epilepsies: a Multifaceted Approach to Classification, Syndromes, Causes, and Integrated Therapies

Objective: To investigate the clinical diversity, genetic bases, diagnostic complexity, and therapeutic approaches of epileptic syndromes, highlighting recent advances in understanding these disorders. Theoretical Framework: Epileptic syndromes are neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures, resulting from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, whose classification has evolved towards clinical and genetic criteria. Method: A systematic approach was employed for bibliographic review on epileptic syndromes, consulting biomedical databases and applying strict selection criteria. Studies addressing clinical diversity, genetic bases, and diagnostic complexity were included, followed by qualitative data analysis to identify patterns and gaps in the literature. Results and Discussion: Results reveal evident genetic heterogeneity, with some syndromes exhibiting well-defined genetic bases. Advances in genomics and molecular neurobiology have provided insights into pathogenic mechanisms, despite persistent challenges, including resistance to conventional medications. Implications of the Research: In-depth understanding is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic development, emphasizing the continuous need for research to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients. Originality/Value: Highlights recent advances in understanding epileptic syndromes, identifying key areas for future research, and contributing to better comprehension and quality of life for affected patients.