The Neoplastic Transformation of SCID Cells by Radiation

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) cells are hypersensitive to killing by ionizing radiation because of deregulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and a concomitant deficiency in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The effect of this condition on the neoplastic transformation of SCID fibroblasts, designated SCID 3T1, has been investigated. The spontaneous transformation rate was $\sim 2\times 10^{-5}$ at early passages and increased up to $\sim 7\times 10^{-3}$ at later passages. The radiation survival curves of transformed cells had thresholds and therefore appeared to be qualitatively similar to the survival curves of ${\rm C}3{\rm H}\ 10{\rm T}{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}$ mouse fibroblast cells, but the initial slopes were steeper. In contrast, per unit dose, SCID cells were more sensitive to transformation than 10T 1/2 cells. Eight transformed clones were tested for tumorigenicity, and all produced fibrosarcomas in athymic nude mice. Properties associated with the tumor suppressor Trp53 (formerly known as p53) were examined in three of the clones. In these clones, although Trp53 protein was overexpressed, a lower expression of Cdkn1a (formerly known as p21, Cip1) protein was observed compared to parental cells. The expression of Trp53 and Cdkn1a and the G1-phase arrest (one set of data on G1-phase delay is included as an example) was not induced by ionizing radiation in these transformed clones; each clone carried a point mutation in Trp53. This suggests that the deficiency in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks increased the tumorigenicity and the genomic instability of transformed SCID cells.