Establishment of humanized mice and its application progress in cancer immunotherapy

The current high prevalence of malignant tumors has attracted considerable attention, and treating advanced malignancies is becoming increasingly difficult. Although immunotherapy is a hopeful alternative, it is effective in only a few people. Thus, development of preclinical animal models is needed. Humanized xenotransplantation mouse models can help with selecting treatment protocols, evaluating curative effects and assessing prognosis. This review discusses the establishment of humanized mouse models and their application prospects in cancer immunotherapy to identify tailored therapies for individual patients. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for patients with advanced malignant tumors; however, it is not effective in all patients. Therefore, it is particularly important to identify effective preclinical models and develop individualized treatment plans for each patient. Humanized animal models can simulate the human immune microenvironment, enabling comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy, safety and feasibility of various immunotherapy strategies. Such models provide a theoretical basis for the individualized treatment of patients with advanced malignant tumors as well as serving as a promising medium for the research and development of preclinical drugs.