The 12th International Geological Congress, Toronto, 1913

Canada made its first bid for the 1906 IGC, but was successful seven years later. As it happened, this was a lucky chance because in the intervening years the economy had improved, due in part to the discovery of new mineral resources and the development of hydroelectric power in Ontario. The Geological Survey of Canada had been reorganized, and Provincial Departments of Mines were established in Ontario and Quebec. Research and graduate studies had developed in the three leading universities （McGill, Toronto and Queen ＇s）.