Tailoring multiscale porosity in 3D printed food-based natural fiber composites

Porous materials are pivotal in emerging fields like tissue engineering, scaffold, and drug delivery due to their distinctive porosity-driven functional properties. This paper describes how to achieve multiscale porosity in food-based composites through a thermally activated gelatinization process of amylopectin molecules coupled with 3D printing. By controlling printing paths, macropores are engineered, while degree of gelatinization governs micro- and nanopores formation. Process-microstructure relationship reveals that longer preheating treatments at higher gelatinization temperatures significantly reduce micro-pore area by over twofold and nanopore surface area by over threefold. These results provide a promising route to fabricate food-based composite with tailorable microstructures. Graphical abstract