Zwischen Heteronomie und Autonomie: Zur Entwicklung der Genossenschaftsbanken Estlands und Lettlands bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg

Nowadays, cooperative banks in Estonia and Latvia are a marginal phenomenon. During the both countries’ first autonomy and before, they figured prominently and were fixed firmly in all classes of population. There were three development phases. We conclude that genesis, prosperity and demise of cooperative banks are linked closely to the political and economic situation of the respective country. The development proceeded similarly in both countries, however the Latvian institutions performed more effectively.