Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO 2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells

Hybrid nanomaterials with unique physiochemical properties have received a lot of attention, making them attractive for application in different fields like cancer treatment. This study was designed to investigate the combined effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) hybridized with silver titanium dioxide composite (SWCNTs@Ag–TiO 2 ). Transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated the accumulation of SWCNTs with Ag–TiO 2 due to an increased main grain size with functionalization to 40 nm. The D and G bands in SWCNTs @Ag–TiO 2 shifted to 1,366 and 1,534 cm −1 , respectively. SWCNTs@Ag-TiO 2 were assessed for their cytotoxicity and autophagy induction in liver cancer cells (Hep-G2) using the lactate dehydrogenase assay, MTT assay, and flow cytometry methods. The results showed that SWCNTs and SWCNTs@Ag–TiO 2 exhibited strong anti-cancer activity in vitro against Hep-G2 cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells via controlling the AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The results show that SWCNTs and SWCNTs coated with silver/titanium dioxide (SWCNTs@Ag–TiO 2 ) reduce the cells’ viability and proliferation. It was shown that an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species was a crucial mediator of both the cell death caused by SWCNTs and the cell death caused by SWCNTs combined with Ag–TiO 2 . Based on these findings, it appears that SWCNTs and SWCNTs@Ag–TiO 2 have the potential to be developed as nanotherapeutics for the treatment of liver cancer cells.