1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, Recombinant Human Transforming Growth Factor-β1, and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Induce In Vitro Differentiation of Canine Osteosarcoma Cells

Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25(OH)2D3), recombinant human transforming growth factor (rhTGF)-β1 and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 on differentiation in four different canine osteosarcoma cell lines (POS53B, 53C, 53D and 14A) were examined using markers specifically expressed by phenotypic osteoblasts. 1, 25(OH)2D3 increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in one cell line, osteocalcin production in two lines and type I collagen production in three lines. RhTGF-β1 increased ALP activity in one clonal cell, osteocalcin production in one clonal cell and type I collagen production in two clonal cells. RhBMP-2 increased ALP activity in all clonal cells, osteocalcin production in two clonal cells and type I collagen production in three clonal cells. Thus, these agents induced differentiation in osteosarcoma cells at different efficacies. Electron microscopic study revealed that these agents increased cellular activity in all cell lines with no evidence of degeneration of cell organelle by drug cytotoxicity. In some cultures treated with either 1, 25(OH)2D3 or rhBMP-2, apoptotic cells were observed. Based on the change in markers, rhBMP-2 and 1, 25(OH)2D3 seemed to be more effective than rhTGF-β1. These agents are potential inducers of apoptosis.