Quantitative characterization of direct P-glycoprotein inhibition by St John's wort constituents hypericin and hyperforin

ABSTRACT The ATP‐binding cassette transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) exerts a critical role in the systemic disposition of, and exposure to, lipophilic and amphipathic drugs, carcinogens, toxins and other xenobiotics. The ability of P‐gp to transfer a wide variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the cell interior across the membrane bilayer remains intriguing. Since natural product chemicals in the widely consumed St John's wort appear to exert antidepressant effects by an unknown mechanism, the constituents are frequently studied for interactions with various biomacromolecules as well as cytotoxins or isolated cells. The drug interactions caused by this widely used herbal remedy are under‐appreciated. Various clinical interactions have been observed upon the co‐administration of St John's wort, and P‐gp and CYP3A4 have been indicted as the cause. We characterized several St John's wort constituents for their interaction with P‐gp and their specific effects on the P‐gp export activity of several marker substrates. Two of these constituents, hyperforin and hypericin, inhibit the active efflux of the fluorescent markers daunorubicin (IC50 ˜ 30 μM) and calcein‐AM. Herein, we show in‐vitro results that can both explain the competing clinical observations of initial elevated exposure of P‐gp substrate drugs (P‐gp inhibition) followed by under‐exposure (P‐gp induction) when St John's wort is co‐administered, and provide a further warning against unchecked co‐administration of drugs with St John's wort.