An evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of the herbicide alachlor4 to man

Chronic bioassays have revealed that alachlor caused nasal, thyroid, and stomach tumours in rats but was not carcinogenic in mice. Significant increases in thyroid and stomach tumours were observed only at doses that exceeded the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). While nasal tumours were found at doses below the MTD, they were small and benign in nature. This publication describes the work undertaken by Monsanto to understand the carcinogenic mode of action of alachlor in the rat and to investigate the relevance to humans. The genetic toxicity of alachlor has been investigated in an extensive battery of in vitro and in vivo test systems. In addition, target-specific mutagenicity tests, such as the COMET assay and DNA binding in nasal tissue, were carried out to investigate any possible in-situ genotoxic action. The weight-of-evidence analysis of all available data clearly demonstrates that alachlor exerts its carcinogenicity in the rat by non-genotoxic mechanisms. In the rat, alachlor is initially metabolised primarily in the liver through the P-450 pathway and by glutathione conjugation. The glutathione conjugates and their metabolites undergo enterohepatic circulation with further metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and then nasal tissue where they can be converted to a diethyliminoquinone metabolite (DEIQ). This electrophilic species binds to the cysteine moiety of proteins leading to cell damage and increased cell turnover. When comparisons of in vitro nasal metabolic capability were made, the rat's capacity to form DEIQ from precursor metabolites was 38 times greater than for the mouse, 30-fold higher than monkey, and 751 times greater than that of humans. This data is consistent with the results of studies showing in vivo formation of DEIQ-protein adducts in the nasal tissue of rats but not mice or monkeys. The lack of DEIQ nasal adducts in mice is consistent with the lack of nasal tumours in that species. When the differences between rat and humans in the capacity for initial glutathione conjugation by the liver and nasal tissue are also taken into account, the rat is found to be even more susceptible to DEIQ formation than man. Based on this, it is clear that the potential for DEIQ formation and nasal tumour development in humans is negligible. The mechanism of stomach tumour formation has been studied in the rat. The results demonstrated that the mechanism is threshold-sensitive and involves a combination of regenerative cell proliferatio