Infant functional networks are modulated by state of consciousness and circadian rhythm

Functional connectivity networks are valuable tools for studying development, cognition, and disease in the infant brain. In adults, such networks are modulated by the state of consciousness and the circadian rhythm; however, it is unknown if infant brain networks exhibit similar variation, given the unique temporal properties of infant sleep and circadian patterning. To address this, we analyzed functional connectivity networks calculated from long-term EEG recordings (average duration 20.8 hr) from 19 healthy infants. Networks were subject specific, as intersubject correlations between weighted adjacency matrices were low. However, within individual subjects, both sleep and wake networks were stable over time, with stronger functional connectivity during sleep than wakefulness. Principal component analysis revealed the presence of two dominant networks; visual sleep scoring confirmed that these corresponded to sleep and wakefulness. Lastly, we found that network strength, degree, clustering coefficient, and path length significantly varied with time of day, when measured in either wakefulness or sleep at the group level. Together, these results suggest that modulation of healthy functional networks occurs over ∼24 hr and is robust and repeatable. Accounting for such temporal periodicities may improve the physiological interpretation and use of functional connectivity analysis to investigate brain function in health and disease. In adults, functional connectivity networks are modulated by the state of consciousness and the circadian rhythm. We investigated whether infant brain networks exhibited similar variations, given the unique temporal properties of infant sleep and circadian patterning. Functional connectivity networks were calculated from ∼24-hr EEG recordings from 19 healthy infants. We found that networks were subject specific and exhibited stronger connections during sleep compared to wakefulness. Within subjects, both sleep and wake networks reoccurred over time. However, network strength, degree, clustering coefficient, and path length significantly varied with time of day, when measured in either wakefulness or sleep at the group level. Together, these results suggest that modulation of healthy infant functional networks occurs over 24-hr periods and is robust and repeatable.