Positive end-expiratory pressure prevents lung mechanical stress caused by recruitment/derecruitment

Laboratories of 1 Respiration Physiology, 2 Pulmonary Investigation, and 3 Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro; and 4 Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Pulmonary Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Submitted 2 February 2004 ; accepted in final form 10 September 2004 This study tests the hypotheses that a recruitment maneuver per se yields and/or intensifies lung mechanical stress. Recruitment maneuver was applied to a model of paraquat-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and to healthy rats with (ATEL) or without (CTRL) previous atelectasis. Recruitment was done by using 40-cmH 2 O continuous positive airway pressure for 40 s. Rats were, then, ventilated for 1 h at zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP; 5 cmH 2 O). Atelectasis was generated by inflating a sphygmomanometer around the thorax. Additional groups did not undergo recruitment but were ventilated for 1 h under ZEEP. Lung resistive and viscoelastic pressures and static elastance were computed before and immediately after recruitment, and at the end of 1 h of ventilation. Lungs were prepared for histology. Type III procollagen (PCIII) mRNA expression in lung tissue was analyzed by RT-PCR. Lung mechanics improved after recruitment in the CTRL and ALI groups. One hour of ventilation at ZEEP increased alveolar collapse, static elastance, and lung resistive and viscoelastic pressures. Alveolar collapse was similar in ATEL and ALI, and recruitment opened the alveoli in both groups. ALI showed higher PCIII expression than ATEL or CTRL groups. One hour of ventilation at ZEEP did not increase PCIII expression but augmented it significantly in the three groups when applied after recruitment. However, PEEP ventilation after recruitment avoided any increment in PCIII expression in all groups. In conclusion, recruitment followed by ZEEP was more deleterious in ALI than in mechanical ATEL, although ZEEP alone did not elevate PCIII expression. Ventilation with 5-cmH 2 O PEEP prevented derecruitment and aborted the increase in PCIII expression. acute lung injury; protective ventilation strategy; pulmonary mechanics; procollagen expression Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: P. R. M. Rocco, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho-CCS, Laboratório