Low-Frequency Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Diagnose the Effect of the Aging Process on Mass Transfer in Cathode Particles

Lithium ion batteries are widely used for small scale electronic applications and for large scale applications like electronic vehicles and grid energy storage. Hence, a key requirement to better predict battery performance is the development of advanced analysis techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to monitor the evolution of kinetic and mass transfer effects during cycling, as measurements can be performed without need to dissemble the battery cell. Moreover, measurements performed at very low frequencies (