Material and Design Options for Avoiding Lithium Plating during Charging

A two-dimensional model presented, including the thickness and electrode edge-overlap directions, which successfully predicts the onset of lithium plating observed experimentally with carbon negative electrodes under certain conditions. Plating with Li4Ti5O12 neither occurred experimentally nor was it predicted by the model, over a wide parameter window up to 5C. High charge rate (e.g. up to 5C) with up to 1.7mm "underlap" (positive-electrode edge extending beyond that of the negative-electrode) can be accomplished with a negative-electrode open-circuit potential 0.4V vs. lithium.