WA-Zone: Wear-Aware Zone Management Optimization for LSM-Tree on ZNS SSDs

ZNS SSDs divide the storage space into sequential-write zones, reducing costs of DRAM utilization, garbage collection, and over-provisioning. The sequential-write feature of zones is well-suited for LSM-based databases, where random writes are organized into sequential writes to improve performance. However, the current compaction mechanism of LSM-tree results in widely varying access frequencies (i.e., hotness) of data and thus incurs an extreme imbalance in the distribution of erasure counts across zones. The imbalance significantly limits the lifetime of SSDs. Moreover, the current zone-reset method involves a large number of unnecessary erase operations on unused blocks, further shortening the SSD lifetime. Considering the access pattern of LSM-tree, this article proposes a wear-aware zone-management technique, termed WA-Zone, to effectively balance inter- and intra-zone wear in ZNS SSDs. In WA-Zone, a wear-aware zone allocator is first proposed to dynamically allocate data with different hotness to zones with corresponding lifetimes, enabling an even distribution of the erasure counts across zones. Then, a partial-erase-based zone-reset method is presented to avoid unnecessary erase operations. Furthermore, because the novel zone-reset method might lead to an unbalanced distribution of erasure counts across blocks in a zone, a wear-aware block allocator is proposed. Experimental results based on the FEMU emulator demonstrate the proposed WA-Zone enhances the ZNS-SSD lifetime by 5.23×, compared with the baseline scheme.