Seed and bud legacies interact with varying fire regimes to drive long-term dynamics of boreal forest communities

Sustainable forest management that employs the emulation of natural disturbance paradigm develops plans based on disturbance-driven forest succession. However, most research on forest succession has focused primarily on postdisturbance species change, often ignoring predisturbance legacies. We used the FORECAST ecosystem management model and a newly created natural regeneration submodel to examine the interaction of fire severity, fire frequency, and natural regeneration to produce multicycle dynamics of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in a western Canadian boreal forest. We simulated 19 different scenarios in a factorial disturbance experiment of three severities and six frequencies and a no-disturbance scenario. Our simulations resulted in a wide diversity of boreal forest community types, including trembling aspen dominated mixedwoods with high-frequency (75 year), high-severity (100% mortality) fires, and nearly pure lodgepole pine stands at midfrequency (100-125 year) and high-severity fires. With the unvarying disturbance regimes we used, a variety of different but recurring temporal patterns emerged. We show that the loss of seed source legacies reinforces the disturbance-driven species dominance, demonstrating community inertia. This study provides a long-term perspective to boreal forest management that demonstrates the role of disturbance and legacies in long-term dynamics.