Shock Effects in Certain Rock-Forming Minerals: Hypervelocity impacts by meteorites are reflected by the effects of shock and temperature on minerals

Shock effects in quartz, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, and some accessory minerals have been observed in rocks subjected to various degrees of metamorphism by meteoritic impact. The shock features described are unique; they are never observed in rocks from normal geologic environments. Such features are described: 1) Multiple sets of closely spaced planar microstructures occur in quartz, plagioclase, and other rock-forming minerals. Those characteristic of shock consist of alternating platelets, with a range of reduced mean index of refraction and birefringence; they consist of platelets that have been partially or completely transformed to an amorphous phase. 2) Quartz and plagioclase are selectively and completely transformed to silica glass and plagioclase glass in the solid state, whereas the associated mafic minerals remained crystalline. There is no reaction between adjacent minerals. 3) High-pressure polymorphs occur, such as coesite or stishovite. Coesite occurs exclusively within silica glass; it has not been observed as a reaction or breakdown product. 4) Nickel-iron spherules occur in the fused glass or impactites. 5) The occurrence of droplets of ilmenite, rutile, pseudobrookite, and baddaleyite in impactites indicates a temperature of formation exceeding 1500°C. 6) Dense glass occurs, similar in composition to bulk rock, in which iron oxide, such as fine particles of magnetite, is completely dissolved. All these features are characteristic of a process involving the rapid rise and fall of extremely high pressures and temperatures. Minerals and mineral assemblages experiencing such high strain rates and sudden changes of pressures and temperatures react and change independently to the bulk chemical composition, under nonequilibrium conditions. Many aspects of shock features require careful study. Kink bands in biotite and deformation lamellae in quartz occur in tectonically deformed rocks. These features should be studied with great care in order to determine whether reduction in mean index of refraction and total birefringence along the planar structures have resulted from vitrification or phase transition; their presence is additional evidence in favor of a shock mechanism. Vitreous phases or glasses formed by shock also have many unique properties; they have not been studied by such methods as thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance, low-angle x-ray diffraction, or infrared spectroscopy. Shock-fused glass of high density needs to be s