Propagation models in the ocean acoustic field with hard soil

This paper addresses the human interest for lossless data transmission by water sound waves, knowing that electromagnetic waves dramatically attenuate in sea water. A normal mode method is employed in order to determine varying frequency propagating modes and waveguide height to observe individual mode contribution. It considers a shallow water waveguide between the hard soil (sand) and the sea surface. Transmitter and receiver will be several kilometers away from each other, and the future intended applications include object detection and submarine communication.