Forward Static Optimization in Dynamic Simulation of Human Musculoskeletal Systems: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Static optimization (SO) has been used extensively to solve the muscle redundancy problem in inverse dynamics (ID). The major advantage of this approach over other techniques is the computational efficiency. This study discusses the possibility of applying SO in forward dynamics (FD) musculoskeletal simulations. The proposed approach, which is entitled forward static optimization (FSO), solves the muscle redundancy problem at each FSO time step while tracking desired kinematic trajectories. Two examples are showcased as proof of concept, for which results of both dynamic optimization (DO) and FSO are presented for comparison. The computational costs are also detailed for comparison. In terms of simulation time and quality of muscle activation prediction, FSO is found to be a suitable method for solving forward dynamic musculoskeletal simulations.