A CACTA ‐like transposable element in the upstream region of BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 acts as an enhancer to increase silique length and seed weight in rapeseed

Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is a model plant for polyploid crop research and the second‐leading source of vegetable oil worldwide. Silique length ( SL ) and seed weight are two important yield‐influencing traits in rapeseed. Using map‐based cloning, we isolated qSLWA 9 , which encodes a P450 monooxygenase (BnaA9. CYP 78A9) and functions as a positive regulator of SL . The expression level of BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 in silique valves of the long‐silique variety is much higher than that in the regular‐silique variety, which results in elongated cells and a prolonged phase of silique elongation. Plants of the long‐silique variety and transgenic plants with high expression of BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 had a higher concentration of auxin in the developing silique; this induced a number of auxin‐related genes but no genes in well‐known auxin biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 may influence auxin concentration by affecting auxin metabolism or an unknown auxin biosynthesis pathway. A 3.7‐kb CACTA ‐like transposable element ( TE ) inserted in the 3.9‐kb upstream regulatory sequence of BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 elevates the expression level, suggesting that the CACTA ‐like TE acts as an enhancer to stimulate high gene expression and silique elongation. Marker and sequence analysis revealed that the TE in B. napus had recently been introgressed from Brassica rapa by interspecific hybridization. The insertion of the TE is consistently associated with long siliques and large seeds in both B. napus and B. rapa collections. However, the frequency of the CACTA ‐like TE in rapeseed varieties is still very low, suggesting that this allele has not been widely used in rapeseed breeding programs and would be invaluable for yield improvement in rapeseed breeding. The molecular basis of silique and seed development remains elusive in rapeseed. We identified BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 as the underlying gene of a quantitative trait locus for silique length and seed weight. A CACTA ‐like transposable element ( TE ) in the upstream region of BnaA9 . CYP 78A9 acts as an enhancer to stimulate its high expression, which may elevate the concentration of auxin and promote the enlargement of siliques and seeds. This TE was from B. rapa and would be valuable for yield improvement.