Exploring the effects of seasonality and chemical pollution on the hepatopancreas transcriptome of the M anila clam

The assessment of marine environmental health is a complex but fundamental task both for ecosystem conservation and food safety related to the human consumption of marine products. Manila clams inhabiting the V enice L agoon constitute an excellent case study for evaluating the effects of complex mixtures of industrial and urban effluents on aquatic organisms. Clams were collected in different seasons at four locations within the V enice L agoon. The sampling sites were characterized by a range of pollutant concentrations and included P orto M arghera, a highly polluted industrial area where clam harvesting for human consumption is strictly forbidden. Pooled soft tissues were subjected to mass spectroscopy analysis to measure the concentrations of PCDD s/ PCDF s/ PCB s‐ DL , PCB s, PBDE s, HCB and PAH s, and pooled digestive gland samples were used for gene expression profiling. While seasonal variation was found to be responsible for the largest proportion of transcriptional changes, significance analysis of microarrays quantitative correlation analysis identified 162 transcripts that were correlated with at least one class of chemicals measured in the samples from the four different sampling sites. Prediction Analysis of Microarrays ( PAM ) identified a minimal set of seven genes that correctly assigned samples collected in the restricted polluted area ( P orto M arghera), independent of the season in which they were collected. An integrated approach combining transcriptomics and chemical analyses of the M anila clam provided a global picture of how M anila clams respond to complex mixtures of xenobiotics and their interplay with other biotic and abiotic factors. We were also able to identify gene expression signatures for different classes of chemicals and a set of robust biomarkers of exposure to these chemicals.