Low‐dose decitabine plus venetoclax is safe and effective as post‐transplant maintenance therapy for high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are usually associated with poor outcomes, especially in high‐risk AML/MDS. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is the only curative option for patients suffering from high‐risk AML/MDS. However, many patients relapse after allo‐HSCT. Novel therapy to prevent relapse is urgently needed. Both the BCL‐2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) and the hypomethylating agent decitabine (DEC) possess significant antitumor activity effects against AML/MDS. Administration of DEC has been shown to ameliorate graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and boost the graft‐versus‐leukemia (GVL) effect post‐transplantation. We therefore conducted a prospective study (ChiCTR1900025374) to examine the tolerability and efficacy of a maintenance therapy of low‐dose decitabine (LDEC) plus VEN to prevent relapse after allo‐HSCT for high‐risk AML/MDS patients. Twenty patients with high‐risk AML (n = 17) or high‐risk MDS (n = 3) post‐transplantation were recruited. Approximately day 100 post‐transplantation, all patients received LDEC (15 mg/m2 for 3 d) followed by VEN (200 mg) on d 1‐21. The cycle interval was 2 mo, and there was 10 cycles. The primary end points of this study were rates of overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS). The secondary endpoints included adverse events (AEs), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), incidences of acute GVHD (aGVHD) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD), and incidences of viral infection after allo‐HSCT. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan‐Meier analysis. The median follow‐up was 598 (149‐1072) d. Two patients relapsed, 1 died, and 1 is still alive after the second transplant. The 2‐y OS and EFS rates were 85.2% and 84.7%, respectively. The median 2‐y EFS time was 525 (149‐1072) d, and 17 patients still had EFS and were alive at the time of this writing. The most common AEs were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, and fatigue. Grade 2 or 3 AEs were observed in 35% (7/20) and 20% (4/20) of the patients, respectively. No grade >3 AEs were observed. aGVHD (any grade) and cGVHD (limited or extensive) occurred in 55% and 20% of patients, respectively. We conclude that LDEC + VEN can be administered safely after allo‐HSCT with no evidence of an increased incidence of GVHD, and this combination decreases the relapse rate in high‐risk AML/MDS patients. This novel maintenance therapy may be a promising way to prevent rela