Effect of temperature on the reproductive success, developmental rate and brood characteristics of I ps sexdentatus ( B oern.)

Global warming is predicted to enhance the development rate and increase the number of generations in multivoltine insects. For secondary forest pests, such as the pine bark beetle I ps sexdentatus , the resulting increase in population level could trigger more frequent outbreaks. However, this positive effect could be outweighed by a temperature‐dependent decrease in offspring quality. To test these hypotheses, we carried out a laboratory rearing experiment with maritime pine logs at six temperature regimes reproducing hourly fluctuations and averaging 12–25.5 ° C . We estimated the thermal requirements for a complete development of the beetle and the number of offspring per female. The offspring quality was estimated using three traits: dry body weight, elytra length and lipid content. The minimum and maximum developmental threshold were estimated at 10.9 and 36 ° C , respectively, and the thermal requirements for complete development were estimated at 517 degree‐days. We predicted a mean of two generations per year in southwestern F rance, although an additional generation could occur during warmer years. The number of offspring increased exponentially with temperature, although we observed a curvilinear response of offspring traits to temperature, with optima at 15–18 ° C . This suggests that there are trade‐offs between productivity and quality of offspring. Global warming is therefore likely to result in higher number of generations of I . sexdentatus per year, with larger broods but of reduced fitness at high temperatures.