A Reduced-Order Model of a Lithium-Ion Cell Using the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation Approach

The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries motivates the need for robust battery management systems (BMSs) that can both observe the internal states of a cell and update degraded physical parameters over time. Many models that are capable of accurately replicating the internal dynamics of cells during high discharge and charging cycles contain too many states to perform real-time estimation, and many models that contain a reasonable number of states for estimation do not adequately replicate the performance of cells at higher rates. In this paper, a model is proposed based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation approach, which includes as its states concentration levels at different spatial locations within the solid electrode and electrolyte. Its behavior is demonstrated through simulation results reproducing high performance solutions and tractable state representation for use with advanced BMSs.