Raman amplifiers for telecommunications
Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptanc...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 2002-05, Vol.8 (3), p.548-559 |
|---|---|
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext bestellen |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 559 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 548 |
| container_title | IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics |
| container_volume | 8 |
| creator | Islam, M.N. |
| description | Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptance of Raman technology. Distributed Raman amplifiers improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems, allowing for longer amplifier spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacing, and operation near the zero-dispersion wavelength. Lumped or discrete Raman amplifiers are primarily used to increase the capacity of fiber-optic networks, opening up new wavelength windows for wavelength-division multiplexing such as the 1300 nm, 1400 nm, or short-wavelength S-band. As an example, using a cascade of S-band lumped amplifiers, a 20-channel, OC-192 system is shown that propagates over 867 km of standard, single-mode fiber. Raman amplifiers provide a simple single platform for long-haul and ultralong-haul amplifier needs and, therefore, should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016358 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_RIE</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTQE_2002_1016358</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><ieee_id>1016358</ieee_id><sourcerecordid>28600548</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-1738df869747b4f2fa12afef5ab031f8d362de0715017a5195c2ef39f21b697c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkE1LAzEQQIMoWKt_QC_Fg562ziSbTfYopX5RELWCt5CmCaTsbmqye-i_d-v2IJ4ykPeG4RFyiTBFhPLu5WP5Np9SADpFwIJxeURGyLnMcp7T434GITJawNcpOUtpAwAylzAit--61s1E19vKO29jmrgQJ62trAl13TXe6NaHJp2TE6erZC8O75h8PsyXs6ds8fr4PLtfZIYJ2mYomFw7WZQiF6vcUaeRamcd1ytg6OSaFXRtQSAHFJpjyQ21jpWO4qqXDBuTm2HvNobvzqZW1T4ZW1W6saFLisoCgOeyB6__gZvQxaa_TZUllRIo8h6iA2RiSClap7bR1zruFILah1O_4dQ-nDqE66WrQfLW2j_C8PsDbHBoaA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>992880215</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Raman amplifiers for telecommunications</title><source>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</source><creator>Islam, M.N.</creator><creatorcontrib>Islam, M.N.</creatorcontrib><description>Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptance of Raman technology. Distributed Raman amplifiers improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems, allowing for longer amplifier spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacing, and operation near the zero-dispersion wavelength. Lumped or discrete Raman amplifiers are primarily used to increase the capacity of fiber-optic networks, opening up new wavelength windows for wavelength-division multiplexing such as the 1300 nm, 1400 nm, or short-wavelength S-band. As an example, using a cascade of S-band lumped amplifiers, a 20-channel, OC-192 system is shown that propagates over 867 km of standard, single-mode fiber. Raman amplifiers provide a simple single platform for long-haul and ultralong-haul amplifier needs and, therefore, should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1077-260X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-4542</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016358</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJSQEN</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: IEEE</publisher><subject>Commercialization ; Distributed amplifiers ; Noise figure ; Nonlinear optical devices ; Operational amplifiers ; Optical amplifiers ; Optical fiber amplifiers ; Optical fiber devices ; Semiconductor optical amplifiers ; Stimulated emission</subject><ispartof>IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, 2002-05, Vol.8 (3), p.548-559</ispartof><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2002</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-1738df869747b4f2fa12afef5ab031f8d362de0715017a5195c2ef39f21b697c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-1738df869747b4f2fa12afef5ab031f8d362de0715017a5195c2ef39f21b697c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1016358$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,792,27901,27902,54733</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1016358$$EView_record_in_IEEE$$FView_record_in_$$GIEEE</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Islam, M.N.</creatorcontrib><title>Raman amplifiers for telecommunications</title><title>IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics</title><addtitle>JSTQE</addtitle><description>Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptance of Raman technology. Distributed Raman amplifiers improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems, allowing for longer amplifier spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacing, and operation near the zero-dispersion wavelength. Lumped or discrete Raman amplifiers are primarily used to increase the capacity of fiber-optic networks, opening up new wavelength windows for wavelength-division multiplexing such as the 1300 nm, 1400 nm, or short-wavelength S-band. As an example, using a cascade of S-band lumped amplifiers, a 20-channel, OC-192 system is shown that propagates over 867 km of standard, single-mode fiber. Raman amplifiers provide a simple single platform for long-haul and ultralong-haul amplifier needs and, therefore, should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years.</description><subject>Commercialization</subject><subject>Distributed amplifiers</subject><subject>Noise figure</subject><subject>Nonlinear optical devices</subject><subject>Operational amplifiers</subject><subject>Optical amplifiers</subject><subject>Optical fiber amplifiers</subject><subject>Optical fiber devices</subject><subject>Semiconductor optical amplifiers</subject><subject>Stimulated emission</subject><issn>1077-260X</issn><issn>1558-4542</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkE1LAzEQQIMoWKt_QC_Fg562ziSbTfYopX5RELWCt5CmCaTsbmqye-i_d-v2IJ4ykPeG4RFyiTBFhPLu5WP5Np9SADpFwIJxeURGyLnMcp7T434GITJawNcpOUtpAwAylzAit--61s1E19vKO29jmrgQJ62trAl13TXe6NaHJp2TE6erZC8O75h8PsyXs6ds8fr4PLtfZIYJ2mYomFw7WZQiF6vcUaeRamcd1ytg6OSaFXRtQSAHFJpjyQ21jpWO4qqXDBuTm2HvNobvzqZW1T4ZW1W6saFLisoCgOeyB6__gZvQxaa_TZUllRIo8h6iA2RiSClap7bR1zruFILah1O_4dQ-nDqE66WrQfLW2j_C8PsDbHBoaA</recordid><startdate>200205</startdate><enddate>200205</enddate><creator>Islam, M.N.</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)</general><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200205</creationdate><title>Raman amplifiers for telecommunications</title><author>Islam, M.N.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-1738df869747b4f2fa12afef5ab031f8d362de0715017a5195c2ef39f21b697c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Commercialization</topic><topic>Distributed amplifiers</topic><topic>Noise figure</topic><topic>Nonlinear optical devices</topic><topic>Operational amplifiers</topic><topic>Optical amplifiers</topic><topic>Optical fiber amplifiers</topic><topic>Optical fiber devices</topic><topic>Semiconductor optical amplifiers</topic><topic>Stimulated emission</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Islam, M.N.</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Islam, M.N.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Raman amplifiers for telecommunications</atitle><jtitle>IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics</jtitle><stitle>JSTQE</stitle><date>2002-05</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>548</spage><epage>559</epage><pages>548-559</pages><issn>1077-260X</issn><eissn>1558-4542</eissn><coden>IJSQEN</coden><abstract>Raman amplifiers are being deployed in almost every new long-haul and ultralong-haul fiber-optic transmission systems, making them one of the first widely commercialized nonlinear optical devices in telecommunications. This paper reviews some of the technical reasons behind the wide-spread acceptance of Raman technology. Distributed Raman amplifiers improve the noise figure and reduce the nonlinear penalty of fiber systems, allowing for longer amplifier spans, higher bit rates, closer channel spacing, and operation near the zero-dispersion wavelength. Lumped or discrete Raman amplifiers are primarily used to increase the capacity of fiber-optic networks, opening up new wavelength windows for wavelength-division multiplexing such as the 1300 nm, 1400 nm, or short-wavelength S-band. As an example, using a cascade of S-band lumped amplifiers, a 20-channel, OC-192 system is shown that propagates over 867 km of standard, single-mode fiber. Raman amplifiers provide a simple single platform for long-haul and ultralong-haul amplifier needs and, therefore, should see a wide range of deployment in the next few years.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><doi>10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016358</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| identifier | ISSN: 1077-260X |
| ispartof | IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, 2002-05, Vol.8 (3), p.548-559 |
| issn | 1077-260X 1558-4542 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_crossref_primary_10_1109_JSTQE_2002_1016358 |
| source | IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) |
| subjects | Commercialization Distributed amplifiers Noise figure Nonlinear optical devices Operational amplifiers Optical amplifiers Optical fiber amplifiers Optical fiber devices Semiconductor optical amplifiers Stimulated emission |
| title | Raman amplifiers for telecommunications |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T12%3A57%3A01IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_RIE&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raman%20amplifiers%20for%20telecommunications&rft.jtitle=IEEE%20journal%20of%20selected%20topics%20in%20quantum%20electronics&rft.au=Islam,%20M.N.&rft.date=2002-05&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=548&rft.epage=559&rft.pages=548-559&rft.issn=1077-260X&rft.eissn=1558-4542&rft.coden=IJSQEN&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109/JSTQE.2002.1016358&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_RIE%3E28600548%3C/proquest_RIE%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=992880215&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_ieee_id=1016358&rfr_iscdi=true |