Co-administration of ketoconazole to tacrolimus-treated kidney transplant recipients: a prospective randomized study

Background. Since the introduction of calcineurin inhibitors, there has been a significant improvement in the results of solid organ transplantation, including graft and patient survival. However, high cost, chronic nephrotoxicity and other side effects stand as major challenges for long-term use of these drugs. The long-term safety and financial benefits of the combination ketoconazole–cyclosporine previously studied. However, data about the effect of the addition of ketoconazole addition to tacrolimus-treated patients are scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and financial impact of that combination. Methods. The subjects of this work included 70 live-donor stable kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Their age ranged from 16 to 45 years. Among them, 54 were males and 16 were females. All of them were 6 months or more post-transplantation. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group I patients initially received ketoconazole 100 mg/day in addition to their usual treatment, while group II patients were considered a control. Patients were followed-up for 6 months. Results. Concomitant ketoconazole–tacrolimus resulted in marked reduction of tacrolimus dose (by 58.7%) and cost (by 56.9%). It also resulted in significant improvement in graft function and fungal skin infection, in addition to a decrease of gastrointestinal episodes and hospitalization. Conclusion. We conclude that ketoconazole–tacrolimus combination in kidney transplant recipients is safe, has outstanding impact on treatment costs and improves patient and graft outcome.