Differences in mitral valve geometry between atrial and ventricular functional mitral regurgitation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a 3D transoesophageal echocardiography study

Abstract Aims This study investigated geometric differences in mitral valve apparatus between atrial functional mitral regurgitation (A-FMR) and functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using 3D transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). Methods and results In total, 135 moderate or greater FMR patients with persistent AF or atrial flutter underwent 3D TOE. Fifty-six patients had A-FMR, defined as preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50% and normal LV wall motion. Seventy-nine patients had ventricular FMR (V-FMR), defined as LV dysfunction (LVEF of