Escape dynamics of free-ranging desert kangaroo rats (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) evading rattlesnake strikes

Abstract Many animals exhibit morphological specializations driven by the extreme selective pressure of predation, and understanding how such specializations shape escape behaviours can elucidate the evolutionary context of these morphologies. We examined the kinematics of the evasive leaps of desert kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti) during strikes from sidewinder rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes) to understand the potential importance of predator evasion in shaping bipedalism in desert rodents. We found that kangaroo rats escaping from snake strikes relied on rapid response times to initiate effective evasions. During jumps, their enlarged hindlimbs propelled vertical leaps that were multiple body lengths into the air, and these leaps were often accompanied by mid-air kicks and other manoeuvres that deterred snakes. Although we found high levels of variability in kinematic factors, all kangaroo rats that successfully evaded attacks escaped in a path away from the snake and thus did not have random/protean escape trajectories. In general, our findings support the idea that bipedalism, which has evolved independently in several desert rodent lineages, might be favoured because it allows for rapid and powerful vertical leaps that are crucial for avoiding ambush predators, such as vipers and owls.