Diurnal variation in glutathione and cysteine redox states in human plasma

BACKGROUND: Plasma glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) couples are oxidized in humans in association with oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease risk. Animal studies show that both pools undergo diurnal variations associated with dietary intake of sulfur amino acids. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether the redox state of GSH, Cys, GSH/GSSG, or Cys/CySS undergoes diurnal variation in healthy adults. DESIGN: Plasma samples were collected every hour for 24 h from 63 persons aged 18-86 y who were consuming normal food (protein, 0.8 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹; sulfur amino acids, 20 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) at standardized mealtimes. Measurements of Cys, CySS, GSH, and GSSG were used with the Nernst equation to calculate the redox states. RESULTS: Plasma Cys and GSH concentrations varied with the time of day. The highest values for plasma Cys occurred [almost equal to]3 h after meals. Glutathione was maximal 6 h after peak plasma Cys. The calculated redox states of the GSH/GSSG and Cys/CySS couples varied in association with the concentrations of the thiol forms. Maximal reduction and oxidation of the Cys/CySS couple occurred at 2130 and 0630, whereas the respective values for the GSH/GSSG couple occurred at 0330 and 1330. The mean diurnal variation for Cys/CySS redox in persons aged >=60 y was 1.8-fold that in persons aged