An Important Afro-Asian Biological Control Agent, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Invades the New World

Climates around the world are rapidly turning warmer and often drier. Agricultural approaches must change accordingly. One important global practice is commercial use of cryptic species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group of green lacewings to control arthropod pests. Recently, one highly drought-tolerant species, originally present only in the Old World, is suspected of expanding its range to some of the driest habitats in the New World. Here we examine putative specimens of this species, Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen, 1928), collected in the desert southwest of the United States, the parched northwest of Mexico, and Guatemala. Using species-specific vibrational duetting-song phenotypes, subtle morphological character states, and mitochondrial DNA sequences, we confirm that C. zastrowi is now a naturalized part of the lacewing fauna of the Americas, making it the only species of the carnea-group to have a truly global range. As such, we encourage its broader commercial use for pest control on irrigated agricultural systems in the hotter, drier regions of the world to which it is best adapted and within which it now appears to be fully naturalized. We briefly consider future range expansion of both subspecies of C. zastrowi, C. z. zastrowi, and C. z. sillemi, in response to continued global warming. Graphical Abstract