Exogenous H 2 S Protects Colon Cells in Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 and Activating Autophagy

Hydrogen sulfide (H S) has been reported to participate in intestinal mucosal defense and repair. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms of H S in ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unclear. We explored the effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H S, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. The pathologic features were determined by analyzing the hematoxylin and eosin-stained samples. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined using ELISA. The presence of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and light chain 3B (LC3B) were determined using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence (IF) approaches, respectively. Next, we investigated the effects of NaHS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colonic smooth muscle cells (H2940). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using IF. NOD-like receptor 3 ( ) and CSE were detected using western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Autophagy was determined using western blot, IF, and electron microscopy. NaHS treatment considerably diminished colitis-induced histological injury and proinflammatory cytokine expressions. MPO, CSE, and H S were downregulated, whereas LC3B was upregulated after NaHS administration in colitic rats. NaHS remarkably attenuated the levels of ROS, CSE, and in LPS-stimulated cells and enhanced autophagy, as was revealed by increased LC3-II-to-LC3-I ratio, elevated LC3, and decreased p62. Importantly, NaHS promoted autophagosome formation in LPS-treated cells. Exogenous H S ameliorates intestinal injury by downregulating inflammation and activation of autophagy, suggesting the potential of NaHS as a therapeutic agent for UC.