Modulation instability, periodic anomalous wave recurrence, and blow up in the Ablowitz–Ladik lattices

The Ablowitz–Ladik equations, hereafter called A L + and A L − , are distinguished integrable discretizations of respectively the focusing and defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations. In this paper we first study the modulation instability of the homogeneous background solutions of A L ± in the periodic setting, showing in particular that the background solution of A L − is unstable under a monochromatic perturbation of any wave number if the amplitude of the background is greater than 1, unlike its continuous limit, the defocusing NLS. Then we use Darboux transformations to construct the exact periodic solutions of A L ± describing such instabilities, in the case of one and two unstable modes, and we show that the solutions of A L − are always singular on curves of spacetime, if they live on a background of sufficiently large amplitude, and we construct a different continuous limit describing this regime: a NLS equation with a nonlinear and weak dispersion. At last, using matched asymptotic expansion techniques, we describe in terms of elementary functions how a generic periodic perturbation of the background solution (i) evolves according to A L + into a recurrence of the above exact solutions, in the case of one and two unstable modes, and (ii) evolves according to A L − into a singularity in finite time if the amplitude of the background is greater than 1. The quantitative agreement between the analytic formulas of this paper and numerical experiments is perfect.