Power threshold and confinement of the I-mode in the EAST tokamak

Sixty-five discharges have been confirmed as I-mode discharges after searching the EAST database from 2016 to 2018, and some additional I-mode discharges were obtained in 2019. The I-mode regime features no edge localized modes (ELMs), high energy confinement, and a steep temperature pedestal, while particle confinement remains at L-mode levels. The I-mode regime has been obtained over a small parameter space (BT = 2.4 - 2.7 T, Ip = 0.4 - 0.6 MA, q95 = 4 - 6) using a configuration with B×▽B drift away from the active X-point. Most of the discharges in EAST are dominated by lower hybrid wave (LHW) heating. In addition, some are heated with both LHW and neutral beam injection (NBI) heating, and a few discharges are heated by NBI and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). Turbulence suppression in density perturbation has been defined as signaling the onset of the L-I transition. The power threshold of the I-mode is slightly larger than that of the 2008 ITPA scaling law of H-mode. The minimum L-I power threshold varies only weakly with BT, and the power range for the I-mode increases with increasing BT. The I-mode is superior to the L-mode in terms of energy confinement but is still slightly inferior to the H-mode under similar conditions, although the energy confinement time decreases more slowly with increasing heating power than it does in the typical H-mode case. NBI has some benefit for achieving higher confinement. The I-mode is very sensitive to the density near the edge. Under a constant high heating power, a small enhancement in the density will terminate the I-mode, sometimes leading to the I-H transition.