Local electronic structures of annealing induced phases in cobalt doped TiO 2 nanoparticles: a combined study of transmission electron microscopy and x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

The evolution of the nanostructures and electronic properties of 5% cobalt-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) annealed at 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C have been investigated to understand the structural phase transformations through chemical co-precipitation synthesis. A detailed analysis of the X-ray Diffractogram confirms that the sample annealed at 400 °C is anatase, at 600 °C, the mixed phase of anatase and rutile evolves, and at 800 °C, the sample is of rutile structure. A detailed morphological study by scanning transmission electron microscope provides the particle size, lattice spacing, and variation in polycrystalline grain growth at different phases. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy analysis indicates from the O K , Co, and Ti L 2,3 -edges that Ti 4+ ions are primarily in an octahedral symmetry with the oxygen ligands changing their structural phases from anatase to mixed phase and then stable rutile phase with increasing temperature of annealing. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) extracts information about the varying oxidation states and 3-dimensional geometry of Ti-ions. The unresolved issues of the structural details at the atomic-scale picture with the local environment of the cation with a few nearest neighbour shells are derived from Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and pre-edge parts of the absorption spectra. The limits of EXAFS in this situation of asymmetric bond length disorder, which is typical for mixed-valence oxides, are generated to reconcile the two data and highlight the value of pre-edge XANES analysis for identifying local heterogeneities in structural and compositional motifs. TiO 2 possesses unique properties depending upon its structural phase. The Ti L 2,3 -edge spectrum indicates that there is an octahedron connectivity of the Oxygen atoms at the anatase state which transforms to a higher energetic tetrahedral correspondence as it proceeds towards the rutile phase. The driving force behind such interest is to modulate the properties of TiO 2 NPs to better photocatalytic material and to integrate its application as a versatile energy storage device.