A Cognitive Subtask Model of Statistical Map Reading

A model is presented that accounts for statistical map reading according to four cognitive subtasks: (1) map orientation, (2) legend comprehension, (3) map surface/legend integration, and (4) extracting statistical information. Each cognitive subtask can be shown to depend on a series of processes that differ somewhat from subtask to subtask. This model is evaluated in light of the literature on statistical map reading, our research findings, and experience in the development of statistical maps. The model may serve as a guide to map reading and assist in the design of statistical maps.