Enhanced light outcoupling of polymer light-emitting diodes with a solution-processed, -flattening photonic-crystal underlayer

The solution-processed gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) layer was used as an anode-flattening photonic-crystal (PC) underlayer to enhance the light outcoupling of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). A corrugated PC surface was directly coated with GZO, which acted as a planarization layer as well as an anode. The PLEDs with the PC-embedded GZO anode showed higher efficiencies and an effective areal light emission when several PLEDs were formed in an array format.