Advances in Multifrequency Phase and Modulation Fluorescence Analysis

The first report of luminescence is credited to the Spanish physician, Monardesm who is 1565 noted that water contained in a wooden cup made from Ligirium nephiticiem exhibited a strage blue shimmer. Today, 325 year later, scientists are still using the emissive characteristics (spectral, temporal, and polarization) of fluorophores to probe directly and indirectly many diverse physical phenomena. Over the years, the utility of fluorescence measurments has made a tremendous impact in numerous subdisciplines of chemistry. For further information into this diverse area, the interested reader in encouraged to consult the many reviews and textbooks in the field. 1-8