Tissue Culture and Wetland Establishment of the Freshwater Monocots Carex, Juncus, Scirpus, and Typha

Cell cultures of freshwater wetland monocots were regenerated, plants were grown in the greenhouse, and then established and evaluated in wetlands. Typha (cattail), Juncus (rushes), Scirpus (bulrushes), and Carex (sedges) were studied because they are common, dominant, high biomass wetland-adapted plants, tolerant of chemically diverse ecosystems. The goal was to define micropropagation and wetland establishment protocols. Tissue culture systems defined for numerous monocot crop species can be readily applied to wetland plants, with a few modifications. Issues addressed were selection of explant material, shoot and root regeneration conditions, culture age verses regenerability, greenhouse acclimatization needs, plant uniformity and requirements for wetland establishment. In vitro-germinated seedlings were an excellent source of pathogen-free regenerable tissue. T. latifolia, T. angustifolia, and J. accuminatus were regenerated from callus induced in the dark with picloram, then transferred to medium with benzyladenine in the light to promote shoot organogenesis. J. effusus, S. polyphyllus, and C. lurida could not be regenerated from callus, which turned black. They could be regenerated directly by culturing intact seedlings directly on cytokinin media in the light. Shoots rooted with little or no auxin. J. effusus rooting was promoted by the addition of charcoal to the medium. Covering plants for the first 2 wk with plastic facilitated greenhouse establishment. There were high rates of greenhouse and wetland survival. No abnormal plants were observed. These regeneration systems could be utilized for the production of wetland plants for potential application in habitat restoration and wetland creation, and would provide an alternative to field collection.